Journal Title : Jurnal Jamu Indonesia (JJI) or Indonesian Journal of Jamu Abbreviation : JJI Scope : Herbal Medicine Type of manuscript : Research papers, short communications and review articles Frequency : Starting in 2026 JJI is published six times a year (February, April, June, August, October, and December) DOI : 10.29244/v10i1 Print ISSN : 2407-7178 Online ISSN : 2407-7763 Publisher : TropBRC IPB University Language : Starting from Volume 11 in 2026, all manuscripts must be written in English. Authors may submit in Bahasa Indonesian; however, if accepted, the manuscript will be subject to a translation fee handled by the JJI language editorial team. Indexing : Sinta 2, Google Scholar Open Access Policy : CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 Preservation Archiving : PKP PN Jurnal Jamu Indonesia (JJI) or Indonesian Journal of Jamu is dedicated to the exchange of information and widespread scientific understanding regarding the development of the world of herbal medicine through the publication of scientific papers. The themes of scientific papers within the scope of JJI include the theme of herbal medicine research from upstream to downstream which is not limited to ethnobotanical research and local knowledge, exploration, conservation, domestication of biological resources related to herbal medicine, variety breeding, development of Good Agricultural and Collection Practices (GACP) for herbal medicine raw materials, development of standards for raw materials and herbal medicine products, development of herbal medicine products, identification of active compounds and their synthesis, working mechanisms for the bioactivity of herbal medicine formulas, social and economic aspects related to the development of herbal medicine.
Tropical Biopharmaca Research Center, IPB University
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Copyright (c) 2025 Jurnal Jamu Indonesia
Optimizing Ultrasonic Extraction of Enhalus acoroides to Enhance Physicochemical Traits and Antioxidant Activity
Enhalus acoroides is a seagrass species known for its antioxidant potential due to its flavonoid content, including quercetin. This study aimed to optimize the extraction time using the ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) method based on physicochemical parameters and antioxidant activity. The simplicia was extracted for 20, 30, and 40 minutes, each in triplicate, using 96% ethanol acidified with 1% HCl. The results demonstrated that extraction time significantly influenced the physicochemical properties, including yield (highest at 30 minutes: 40.2%), total phenolic content (1.153 mg GAE/g), total flavonoid content (0.318 mg QE/g), quercetin content (0.316 mg/g), and antioxidant activity (IC₅₀ = 58.44 ppm), whereas no significant effect was observed on total ash content. Qualitative phytochemical screening revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, and triterpenoids. Based on these findings, a 30-minute extraction time is recommended as the optimal condition for obtaining E. acoroides extract with the highest antioxidant activity.
Phytochemical Screening and Antibacterial Activity of Jackfruit Seed Extract (Artocarpus heterophyllus Lamk.) Against Salmonella typhi In Vitro
Salmonella typhi infection remains a public health concern, necessitating natural treatment alternatives. This study aimed to evaluate the antibacterial activity and identify the active compounds of jackfruit seed (Artocarpus heterophyllus Lamk) ethanol extract against S. typhi in vitro. Antibacterial activity was tested using the well diffusion method at extract concentrations of 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100%, with chloramphenicol and 10% DMSO as positive and negative controls. All extract concentrations produced significant inhibition zones (mean: 19.83 mm to 31.42 mm; p<0.05). Phytochemical screening revealed flavonoids, alkaloids, steroids, and saponins as the active compounds. Antibacterial efficacy increased with concentration and was comparable to chloramphenicol (mean: 33.49 mm). These results indicate that jackfruit seed extract holds promise as a natural antibacterial agent against S. typhi.
Optimizing Curcumin SNEDDS via D-Optimal Design and Evaluating Wound Healing Efficacy in Wistar Rats
Curcumin, a bioactive compound extracted from turmeric, exhibits extensive pharmacological properties, including anti-inflammatory and wound-healing activities. Nevertheless, its clinical application is hindered by low aqueous solubility and poor bioavailability. This study aimed to optimize a curcumin-loaded Self-Nanoemulsifying Drug Delivery System (SNEDDS) using a D-Optimal experimental design to improve its solubility, stability, and therapeutic efficacy. The SNEDDS formulation was developed by varying the proportions of oil, surfactant, and co-surfactant. The optimized formulation demonstrated a particle size of 120 nm and an encapsulation efficiency of 94.5%, significantly accelerating wound closure by 98% within 14 days in Wistar rats. These results highlight the potential of curcumin SNEDDS as an effective topical formulation for wound therapy.
Ethnopharmacological Study of Medicinal Plants Used by the Dayak Tunjung Benuaq Tribe in East Kalimantan, Indonesia
Ethnopharmacology is a scientific approach used to document traditional knowledge regarding the use of medicinal plants. The Dayak Tunjung Benuaq Tribe in Putak Village, East Kalimantan, Indonesia, continues to rely on herbal remedies for treating various ailments. This study aimed to identify plant species used, their therapeutic applications, and preparation methods. Data were collected through purposive and snowball sampling techniques, using semi-structured interviews with knowledgeable informants. Quantitative analysis was performed using Use Value (UV), Informant Consensus Factor (ICF), and Fidelity Level (FL). A total of 31 species from 19 families were recorded, including Carica papaya, Zingiber officinale, Psidium guajava, and Eleutherine bulbosa. Leaves were the most commonly used plant part (58%), most often prepared by boiling (93.6%) and administered orally (93.6%). C. papaya had the highest UV (0.23), while seven disease categories, such as malaria, fever, and joint pain, achieved perfect consensus (ICF = 1.0). Several species, including E. bulbosa and Syzygium polyathum, reached 100% FL, reflecting strong cultural preference for specific treatments. These findings emphasize the significance of traditional knowledge within the community, the need for documentation and preservation, and the potential of these plants for future pharmacological exploration and biodiversity conservation.
In Silico Exploration of Orthosiphon stamineus Compounds as Potential Angiotensin Receptor Blockers for Hypertension Therapy
Orthosiphon stamineus has demonstrated antihypertensive potential, but the specific bioactive compounds involved remain unclear. This study aimed to evaluate selected phytochemicals from O. stamineus as angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) targeting protein 4ZUD using in-silico methods. Molecular docking was conducted to assess binding affinity, while ADMET analysis evaluated pharmacokinetics and toxicity. Salvianolic acid E showed the strongest binding affinity with a rerank score of −134.02 kcal/mol, surpassing olmesartan (−124.52 kcal/mol). Key interactions were observed with amino acid residues Arg167, Tyr92, and Asp281. ADMET predictions revealed that Salvianolic acid E has good aqueous solubility, moderate intestinal absorption (HIA 45.99%), and low membrane permeability (Caco-2 < 0.4). It does not inhibit major cytochrome P450 isoenzymes and is predicted to be non-hepatotoxic, suggesting favorable safety and metabolic profiles. These findings highlight Salvianolic acid E as a promising phytochemical candidate for antihypertensive drug development.
Cardioprotective Effects of Red Ginger Extracted Using Natural Deep Eutectic Solvent on Lipid Profile in Atherosclerotic Rats
Atherosclerosis, a leading cause of cardiovascular disease, is closely related to dyslipidemia. This study evaluated the cardioprotective effects of red ginger (Zingiber officinale var. rubrum) extracted using a Natural Deep Eutectic Solvent (NADES) on lipid profiles and the risk of atherosclerosis in rats induced with an atherogenic diet and lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Thirty male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into five groups: normal control, negative control, positive control (Simvastatin), and two treatment groups receiving red ginger extract at 25 mg/kg and 50 mg/kg body weight (BW). After 24 days of treatment, the 25 mg/kg BW dose significantly reduced total and LDL cholesterol while increasing HDL levels compared with the negative control (p < 0.05), showing comparable effects to Simvastatin. The 50 mg/kg BW dose did not significantly reduce total and LDL cholesterol but produced the highest HDL level. All treatment groups showed a significantly lower Atherogenic Index of Plasma (AIP) than the negative control, with the lowest AIP in the 50 mg/kg BW group. These findings demonstrate the cardioprotective potential of red ginger extracted with NADES as a natural, environmentally friendly approach to preventing dyslipidemia and atherosclerosis.
Optimization of Solvent Type on Antioxidant Activity of Spirulina platensis Extract and Its Pharmaceutical Tablet Formulation
Spirulina platensis contains nutrients such as proteins, essential amino acids, fatty acids, minerals, pigments, carotenoids, and vitamins, which have strong antioxidant properties. This study evaluated the impact of extraction solvents (70% methanol, 70% ethanol, and 70% acetone) on antioxidant activity, with the most effective extract formulated into tablets. Extraction was performed by maceration. Tablet preparations were characterized by moisture content, flow rate, angle of repose, organoleptic properties, weight uniformity, hardness, disintegration time, and friability. The results showed that the 70% methanol extract exhibited the highest antioxidant activity (IC₅₀ = 45.57 ± 0.01 ppm), superior to 70% acetone (IC₅₀ = 67.15 ± 0.07 ppm) and 70% ethanol (IC₅₀ = 85.32 ± 1.21 ppm), although lower than vitamin C (IC₅₀ = 3.52 ± 0.01 ppm). Tablets prepared from 70% methanol extract fulfilled all pharmaceutical quality requirements.
Hepatoprotective Potential of Schleichera oleosa Leaf Extract Against Paracetamol-Induced Liver Injury in Rats
Schleichera oleosa L. is traditionally used in herbal medicine and has shown pharmacological activities such as antioxidant, anticancer, and antimicrobial effects. Its antioxidant capacity is attributed to polyphenols, which neutralize free radicals and contribute to liver protection. This study evaluated the hepatoprotective effect of S. oleosa leaf extract against paracetamol-induced liver injury in rats. Antioxidant activity was measured using the DPPH method, yielding an IC₅₀ of 11.43 µg/mL, indicating strong activity. Rats were administered 50, 100, or 150 mg/kg body weight of extract, followed by 1000 mg/kg paracetamol to induce liver damage. SGOT and SGPT levels were significantly reduced in all extract groups compared to the negative control, with the 100 mg/kg dose being the most effective. However, curcumin showed superior protection. These results suggest that S. oleosa has hepatoprotective potential, but further studies are needed to confirm its long-term safety and efficacy.
Antibacterial Activity of 70% Ethanol Extract of Red Hanjuang (Cordyline fruticosa L.) Leaves Against Staphylococcus aureus
Productive cough is a common symptom of bacterial respiratory infections. Red hanjuang (Cordyline fruticosa L.) leaves have been traditionally used to relieve such conditions. This study aimed to standardize red hanjuang leaf plant material and evaluate the antibacterial activity of its 70% ethanol extract against Staphylococcus aureus. Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of flavonoids, saponins, tannins, polyphenols, quinones, steroids, monoterpenoids, and sesquiterpenoids. Antibacterial activity was tested using the well diffusion method at concentrations of 10%, 25%, 35%, and 50%, with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) tests ranging from 10% to 0.8%. Specific and non-specific standardization showed water-soluble extract at 34.593%, ethanol-soluble extract at 31.663%, moisture content at 4.67%, drying loss at 9.57%, total ash content at 7.70%, and acid-insoluble ash at 0.89%. The extract demonstrated strong antibacterial activity at all tested concentrations. The lowest active concentration was 10%, with an MIC value at 8%, forming an inhibition zone of 2.43 mm. These findings support the potential of red hanjuang leaves as an herbal antibacterial agent.
Formulation and Characterization of Peel-Off Gel Mask Containing Secang (Caesalpinia sappan L.) Wood Extract with Strong Antioxidant Activity
Secang (Caesalpinia sappan L.) wood contains flavonoid compounds such as brazilin, 3'-O-methylbrazilin, sappanin chalcone, and sappan chalcone, which act as primary and secondary antioxidants. Antioxidants are substances that can inhibit oxidation reactions by neutralizing free radicals. Enhancing the antioxidant potential of C. sappan wood can be achieved by developing a topical dosage form. Peel-off gel masks are an ideal form due to their ability to improve skin health and provide ease and comfort in application. This study aimed to formulate a peel-off gel mask containing C. sappan extract and evaluate its physical properties and antioxidant activity. The formulations were prepared using 2.5%, 5%, and 7.5% extract with sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, polyvinyl alcohol, and propylene glycol as the base. The resulting masks were assessed for physical characteristics (pH, viscosity, spreadability, adhesiveness, and drying time) and antioxidant activity using the DPPH method. The results indicated that increasing the extract concentration significantly (p < 0.05) increased viscosity, adhesiveness, and drying time, while decreasing pH, spreadability, and IC₅₀ value. All formulations demonstrated strong antioxidant activity (IC₅₀ between 50–100 µg/mL), with IC₅₀ values of 88.71 µg/mL, 81.58 µg/mL, and 79.04 µg/mL, respectively.
Anti-Aging Efficacy of Averrhoa bilimbi Fruit Extract Cream: A Human Clinical Trial
Averrhoa bilimbi, a plant native to Indonesian, exhibits antioxidant, sunscreen, and tyrosinase inhibitory activities due to its polyphenol and flavonoid content. This study aimed to evaluate the anti-aging efficacy of a topical cream containing A. bilimbi fruit extract through a human clinical trial. The extract was obtained by maceration using 70% ethanol and formulated into a water-in-oil (W/O) cream at concentrations of 1% (F1), 3% (F2), and 5% (F3). Each formulation was evaluated for its physical characteristics, including organoleptic properties, homogeneity, pH, and viscosity. Irritation tests were conducted on animals and human volunteers. A total of 24 human subjects applied the cream for 30 days. Skin condition parameters—sebum, moisture, pigmentation, pore size, elasticity, and collagen fibers—were assessed before and after treatment using a skin analyzer. The results showed that the F3 formulation produced the most notable improvements, including increased skin moisture and elasticity, and decreased pigmentation and pore size. Statistical analysis revealed significant improvements (p < 0.05) in pore size and elasticity for the F3 group. These findings indicate that the 5% A. bilimbi extract cream is a safe and effective anti-aging topical formulation.
Anti-inflammatory Activity of Ipomoea batatas Leaves Ethanolic Extract Tablet with Variation of Polyvinylpyrrolidone and Amylum Binders
Purple sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.) leaves are traditionally used as an anti-inflammatory remedy. This study investigated the anti-inflammatory activity of purple sweet potato leaf ethanolic extract and its formulation into tablet dosage forms with varying concentrations of polyvinylpyrrolidone and amylum as binders. The extract was obtained through maceration using 96% ethanol and tested for anti-inflammatory activity using the bovine serum albumin denaturation method. The extract showed strong anti-inflammatory activity with an IC₅₀ value of 62.628 ppm compared to sodium diclofenac with an IC₅₀ of 57.326 ppm. The extract was then formulated into tablets with binder ratios of 1:0, 0:1, 1:1, 2:3, and 1:4 (polyvinylpyrrolidone: amylum) using wet granulation. Evaluation of physical properties indicated that the 1:1 binder ratio produced tablets that met quality requirements, including hardness, friability, and disintegration time. These results suggest that I. batatas leaf extract has potent anti-inflammatory properties and is suitable for development into a tablet formulation with appropriate binder ratios.
Molecular Insights into the Therapeutic Potential of Curcuma amada Rhizome: A Network Pharmacology and Docking Approach
The rhizome of Curcuma amada (ginger mango) has traditionally been used for various medicinal purposes. However, its molecular targets and mechanisms of action are still poorly understood. This study aimed to predict the potential bioactive compounds and target proteins of C. amada using network pharmacology and molecular docking approaches. A total of 110 compounds were identified, and their predicted targets were analyzed through a protein-protein interaction (PPI) network, enrichment, and disease analysis. Key targets include phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit alpha isoform (PIK3CA) and tyrosine-protein kinase JAK2 (JAK2), both of which are closely related to cancer-related pathways. Four compounds, β-eudesmol, (E,Z)-farnesol, spathulenol, and τ-muurolol, were selected for molecular docking studies. Validation of the docking protocol through re-docking showed low RMSD values ​​(0.667 Å for PIK3CA and 0.474 Å for JAK2), confirming the reliability of the method. The docking results demonstrated that the native ligands and selected compounds formed multiple hydrogen bonds and extensive hydrophobic interactions with key residues in the active site. Notably, most of the interactions were hydrophobic, which is consistent with the volatile nature of the ligands. The binding affinity was below –5 kcal/mol for all tested compounds. These findings suggest that C. amada rhizomes contain bioactive compounds capable of modulating cancer-related targets, thus providing a molecular basis for their potential therapeutic effects.
Puji dan syukur kami panjatkan kepada Tuhan Yang Maha Esa atas rahmat dan hidayahNya, Jurnal Jamu Indonesia Volume 5 No 3 tahun 2020 dapat diterbitkan. Jurnal Jamu Indonesia merupakan media untuk diseminasi hasil penelitian yang berkaitan dengan jamu di Indonesia. Jamu telah dikenal lama penduduk Indonesia sebagai salah satu pengobatan. Berbagai tanaman di Indonesia sangat berpotensi sebagai jamu. Penelitian tanaman obat dari bagian daun, batang, dan rimpang tanaman telah banyak dilakukan dan terus berkembang. Terdapat 5 artikel yang termasuk dalam original artikel yang diterbitkan pada Volume 5 No. 3 Tahun 2020. Artikel pertama memberikan informasi terkait dengan hasil isolasi dan indentifikasi senyawa aktif yang berkhasiat sebagai antikanker payudara pada Dendrophthoe praelonga (Blume) Miq. Potensi antialergi dari ekstrak buah stroberi yang dibuktikan melalui pengujian secara in vivo pada hewan model mencit jantan merupakan artikel ke-dua. Artikel ke-tiga juga melakukan kajian in vivo yaitu potensi khasiat ektrak etanol rumput laut untuk menurunkan kadar kolesterol dan sebagai anti-obesitas yang diuji pada hewan model tikus putih jantan. Artikel ke-empat memberikan informasi tentang profil produk jamu industri mikro, kecil dan menengah yang banyak beredar di Kabupaten Sukoharjo. Analisis in silico senyawa analog kurkumin dengan khasiatnya sebagai antivirus merupakan artikel ke-lima. Redaksi mengucapkan terima kasih kepada seluruh penulis atas partisipasinya dalam berbagi hasil penelitiannya melalui publikasi di Jurnal Jamu Indonesia. Redaksi juga mengucapkan terima kasih kepada seluruh reviewer atas partisipasinya dalam meningkatkan kualitas tulisan naskah jurnal di edisi ini. Semua hasil karya tersebut akan diarsipkan sebagai dokumentasi berharga demi terjaganya informasi yang dapat menjadi sumber pengembangan ilmu pengetahuan di masa depan. Kontribusi publikasi peneliti-peneliti dan pejuang Jamu Indonesia terus kami harapkan untuk dapat disampaikan di dalam Jurnal Jamu Indonesia ini. Peningkatan kontribusi jumlah dan kualitas tulisan yang telah dan akan dimasukkan akan dapat membantu pengembangan jurnal ini, dan pada saatnya diharapkan juga dapat menjadikan Jurnal Jamu Indonesia menjadi referensi baik secara nasional, maupun internasional. November 2020 Waras Nurcholis Wakil Dewan Redaksi
Puji dan syukur kami panjatkan kepada Tuhan Yang Maha Esa atas rahmat dan hidayahNya, Jurnal Jamu Indonesia Volume 6 No 1 tahun 2021 dapat diterbitkan. Jurnal Jamu Indonesia merupakan media untuk diseminasi hasil penelitian yang berkaitan dengan jamu di Indonesia. Jamu telah dikenal lama penduduk Indonesia sebagai salah satu pengobatan. Berbagai tanaman di Indonesia sangat berpotensi sebagai jamu. Penelitian tanaman obat dari bagian daun, batang, dan rimpang tanaman telah banyak dilakukan dan terus berkembang. Jurnal Jamu Indonesia pada Volume 6 No 1 Tahun 2021 terdiri atas 5 naskah yang termasuk ke dalam original artikel. Artikel pertama terkait aktivitas penghambatan polimerisasi hem dan skrining fitokimia dari fraksi etil asetat batang manuran (Coptosapelta tomentosa Valeton ex K. Heyne). Artikel ke-dua mengkaji tinjauan etnomedisin oleh peramu jamu Jawa di Yogyakarta pada jamu kunir asam. Artikel ke-tiga terkait dengan pengaruh ketinggian tempat terhadap produktivitas piperin dari buah cabe jawa dan lada hitam. Artikel ke-empat melakukan kajian tentang penapisan fitokimia dan aktivitas antioksidan terhadap hasil perasan lengkuas merah dan lengkuas putih. Preparasi gelatin sapi berbasis tulang femur untuk aplikasi cangkang kapsul obat herbal melalui hidrolisis asam dan karakterisasinya merupakan artikel ke-lima. Redaksi mengucapkan terima kasih kepada seluruh penulis atas partisipasinya dalam berbagi hasil penelitiannya melalui publikasi di Jurnal Jamu Indonesia. Redaksi juga mengucapkan terima kasih kepada seluruh reviewer atas partisipasinya dalam meningkatkan kualitas tulisan naskah jurnal di edisi ini. Semua hasil karya tersebut akan diarsipkan sebagai dokumentasi berharga demi terjaganya informasi yang dapat menjadi sumber pengembangan ilmu pengetahuan di masa depan. Kontribusi publikasi peneliti-peneliti dan pejuang Jamu Indonesia terus kami harapkan untuk dapat disampaikan di dalam Jurnal Jamu Indonesia ini. Peningkatan kontribusi jumlah dan kualitas tulisan yang telah dan akan dimasukkan akan dapat membantu pengembangan jurnal ini, dan pada saatnya diharapkan juga dapat menjadikan Jurnal Jamu Indonesia menjadi referensi baik secara nasional, maupun internasional. Maret 2021 Waras Nurcholis Wakil Ketua Dewan Redaksi
Puji dan syukur kami panjatkan kepada Tuhan Yang Maha Esa atas rahmat dan hidayahNya, Jurnal Jamu Indonesia Volume 6 No 2 tahun 2021 dapat diterbitkan. Jurnal Jamu Indonesia merupakan media untuk diseminasi hasil penelitian yang berkaitan dengan jamu di Indonesia. Jamu telah dikenal lama penduduk Indonesia sebagai salah satu pengobatan. Berbagai tanaman di Indonesia sangat berpotensi sebagai jamu. Penelitian tanaman obat dari bagian daun, batang, dan rimpang tanaman telah banyak dilakukan dan terus berkembang. Jurnal Jamu Indonesia pada Volume 6 No 2 Tahun 2021 terdiri atas 5 naskah. Artikel pertama memberikan informasi kajian penggunaan obat tradisional atau herbal di daerah Baturraden, Jawa Tengah. Kandungan flavonoid dievaluasi dari ekstrak etanol daun Sauropus androgynus yang ditanam dari lokasi yang berbeda ketinggian merupakan artikel ke-dua. Artikel ke-tiga merupakan kajian fitokimia dan aktivitas antibakteri dari ekstrak aseton tumbuhan secang. Krim tabir surya dari ekstrak temulawak yang dianalisis khasiat antioksidan merupakan artikel ke-empat. Sementara artikel ke-lima mengkaji ekstrak etanol daun binahong dan fraksinya sebagai antibakteri dan identifikasi fitokimianya. Redaksi mengucapkan terima kasih kepada seluruh penulis atas partisipasinya dalam berbagi hasil penelitiannya melalui publikasi di Jurnal Jamu Indonesia. Redaksi juga mengucapkan terima kasih kepada seluruh reviewer atas partisipasinya dalam meningkatkan kualitas tulisan naskah jurnal di edisi ini. Semua hasil karya tersebut akan diarsipkan sebagai dokumentasi berharga demi terjaganya informasi yang dapat menjadi sumber pengembangan ilmu pengetahuan di masa depan. Kontribusi publikasi peneliti-peneliti dan pejuang Jamu Indonesia terus kami harapkan untuk dapat disampaikan di dalam Jurnal Jamu Indonesia ini. Peningkatan kontribusi jumlah dan kualitas tulisan yang telah dan akan dimasukkan akan dapat membantu pengembangan jurnal ini, dan pada saatnya diharapkan juga dapat menjadikan Jurnal Jamu Indonesia menjadi referensi baik secara nasional, maupun internasional. Juni 2021 Waras Nurcholis Wakil Ketua Dewan Redaksi
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Virtual Screening of Flavonoid Compounds as Potential Antibiofilm Agents Targeting Glucosyltransferase
Dental caries are caused by plaque formation resulting from biofilm accumulation on tooth surfaces. The bacterium Streptococcus mutans plays a crucial role in biofilm formation, partly through the production of glucosyltransferase, which catalyzes biofilm synthesis. Flavonoids are secondary metabolites commonly found in plants, known for diverse biological properties, including antibiofilm effects. This study aimed to screen the potential of flavonoid compounds as antibiofilm agents through inhibition of glucosyltransferase using an in-silico approach. A total of 87 flavonoid compounds obtained from the ZINC database were evaluated via molecular docking methods. Screening results based on binding free energy (ΔG) values, analyzed using the PyRX-Virtual Screening Tool, indicated that 36 compounds had potential to inhibit glucosyltransferase. Further molecular docking using AutoDock Vina identified nine compounds with ΔG values more favorable than the natural ligand of glucosyltransferase (maltose). Molecular interaction analysis using LigPlot+ and PyMOL revealed that taxifolin, gallocatechin, and sakuranetin interacted with three catalytic residues of the enzyme, whereas the remaining six compounds interacted with two catalytic residues. Liquiritigenin exhibited the lowest ΔG (-7.0 kcal/mol) and an inhibition constant (Ki) of 7.39 µM, indicating high affinity for glucosyltransferase. This compound formed two hydrogen bonds and four hydrophobic interactions, engaging two catalytic residues of the enzyme, Asn481 and Trp517. These findings highlight the potential of flavonoids as antibiofilm agents via glucosyltransferase inhibition. Further experimental validation through in vitro studies is necessary to confirm these in-silico findings.
Phytochemical Profile and Pharmacological Mechanisms of Pandanus tectorius Fruit: A Comprehensive Review
The fruit of Pandanus tectorius, commonly known as screw pine or sea pandan, contains various secondary metabolites with significant therapeutic potential but remains underutilized in clinical applications. This review summarizes findings from 2014 to 2025 regarding its phytochemical composition and pharmacological effects. Sixteen bioactive compounds have been identified, including pandanusin A, bergapten, scoparone, scopoletin, several lignans, isoamericanin A, kaempferol, chrysin, phenolic acids, betulinic acid, and β-sitosterol. These constituents demonstrate antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antidiabetic, antimicrobial, and anticancer activities. Mechanistic actions include inhibition of alpha-glucosidase, reduction of oxidative stress, and induction of cytotoxicity in cancer cells. The ethyl acetate fraction, in particular, exhibits strong activity against HeLa cells. Novel delivery systems, such as nanoemulsions, are being explored to enhance solubility and bioavailability. Additionally, preclinical studies suggest roles in immune modulation, wound healing, and pain relief. Although promising, further clinical validation and formulation standardization are needed. This review highlights the potential of P. tectorius fruit as a candidate for evidence-based phytotherapeutic development.
Traditional Uses, Biological Activities, and Phytochemical Profile of Keji Beling (Strobilanthes crispus) Leaf Extract: A Review
Health treatment in Indonesia is diverse, encompassing both modern medicines using synthetic drugs and traditional practices relying on herbal plants. Traditional medicine is often preferred due to its lower cost and perceived lack of side effects. Keji beling (Strobilanthes crispus) is one such herb with potential medicinal properties. This article summarizes information regarding traditional uses, biological activities, phytochemical profiles, and active compounds of keji beling leaf extract. Traditionally, keji beling leaves are consumed as tea. The plant has demonstrated antioxidant, anti-diabetic, anticancer, antitumor, and antibacterial properties. These biological effects are attributed to its phytochemical constituents, including flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins, tannins, and terpenoids. Specific bioactive compounds in keji beling leaf extract comprise silicic acid, polyphenols, glycosides, catechins, rutin, epicatechin, myricetin, luteolin, apigenin, naringenin, and kaempferol.
The Diversity of Medicinal Plant Used by Local Community in Borneo, Indonesia: A Review
As one of the biggest islands in Indonesia, Borneo or Kalimantan, is considered one of the lungs of the world. The local communities utilize the large biodiversity in Borneo as traditional knowledge on medicinal use. The purpose of this article was to find out data on the diversity of medicinal plants utilized by local communities as well as the parts of plants used, the preparation in the use of medicinal plants, and the phytochemical content of several types of plant species that are most widely used in the Kalimantan region. This article was developed using the literature review method by searching for articles, journals and literature on Google Scholar. A total of 204 species from 74 families are utilized by the people of Kalimantan as medicine. The results showed that the types of plants that the people of Kalimantan widely use came from the Asteraceae family (16 species), Euphorbiaceae (15 species), Rubiaceae (11 species), Zingiberaceae (10 species), and others. The local people of Kalimantan mostly utilize plant leaves and roots by boiling since the boiling method is more effective in the healing process for fever and stomach pain. The people of Kalimantan most often apply medicinal plants by boiling them and then drinking them because this treatment is the most effective. It is believed that drinking it can accelerate healing. Therefore, there is a need for new knowledge and data collection related to the use of plants as medicine by the people of Kalimantan.
Wound Healing Ointment Formulation from Essential Oil of Lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus)
Untreated wound may lead to the infection. In some countries, plants are used to cure wound traditionally. Lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus) has various bioactive compounds, including citronellol, limonene and geraniol that perform some pharmacological activities. In this study, the essential oil of lemongrass was designed into ointment formulation since lemongrass has been reported to have a wound healing effect in mice. The wound healing ointment made from different concentration of the essential oil of Cymbopogon citratus (F1: EOCC 5%, F2: EOCC 10% and F3: EOCC 15%) using a water-removable base and the characteristic as well as the stability (texture, color, smell, homogeneity, and pH) after been stored for 14 days was also evaluated. The result showed that all formulation (F1, F2, and F3) of wound healing formulation revealed good texture, consistency, odor, color, homogeneity and compatible to the skin until 14 days of storage. However, F3 (EOCC 15%) has a strong lemongrass smell compare to the other formulations.
Authentication of Java Turmeric (Curcuma xanthorrhiza) from Turmeric (Curcuma longa) Using a Combination of UV-VIS-IR Spectrum and Chemometrics
Java turmeric (Curcuma xanthorriza) and turmeric (Curcuma longa) show similar colors, so they have the potential to be adulterated with each other, especially if they are presented in powder. This research aims to develop an analytical method for authenticating both types of samples with adulterant concentrations of 0.01% w/w and 0.005% w/w for the infrared range and 0.5 μg/g and 1 μg/g for the UV-Vis range. The pure sample was extracted for 40 minutes with 1:10 ethanol using ultrasonication. The extract was then concentrated using a rotary evaporator and freeze dryer. Adulterant samples were prepared by mixing both types of extracts. The absorption of the solution was measured at a wavelength of 200–800 nm and a wave number of 4000–400 cm-1. Multivariate analysis using partial least squares-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) and soft independent modeling of class analogies (SIMCA) was performed on the spectra. PLS-DA has not been able to authenticate adulterated samples. However, SIMCA analysis can detect differences between pure curcuma and adulterated samples in the infrared range until a concentration of 0.005% w/w, while it can only authenticate correctly in the UV-Vis range until a 1 μg/g concentration.
Standardization of 96% Ethanol Extract of Beluntas Leaves, Kenikir Leaves, and Purple Corn Kernels
Beluntas (Pluchea indica) leaves, kenikir (Cosmos caudatus) leaves, and purple corn (Zea mays) kernels have the potential to be developed into preparations of traditional medicine, which requires standardization of raw materials. The 96% ethanol extract P. indica leaves from Batu, C. caudatus leaves from Wonosari, and purple corn kernels from Sukabumi have been standardized. Both specific and non-specific requirements are covered. Fragment identifiers of P. indica leaves, such as stomata and trichoma. C. caudatus leaves, such as vascular tissue with stair thickening and multicellular hair covering. Purple corn kernels such as amylum and hilum in the form of stars. The thick extracts were obtained from the results of ultrasonic-assisted extraction with yields of 14.76% for P. indica leaves, 7.49% for C. caudatus leaves, and 5.79% for purple corn kernels. The organoleptic of ethanolic extract P. indica leaves is thick and greenish-black, C. caudatus leaves is thick and brown, and purple corn kernels is thick and purple. The water-soluble content from P. indica leaves, C. caudatus leaves, and purple corn kernels was 13.85%, 11.13%, and 10.62%, respectively. The ethanol soluble content was 16.58%, 14.87%, and 15.89%. The total ash content for P. indica leaves, C. caudatus leaves, and purple corn kernels was 15.04%, 9.37%, and 4.76%. The percentage of water content was 9.07%, 14.34%, and 11.12%. The standardized data collected was compared with the requirements in the official monographs of Materia Medika Indonesia and Farmakope Herbal Indonesia. The results showed that the three samples used had met most of the standardization parameters and could be developed into traditional medicine.
Review: Extraction of Temulawak Rhizome (Curcuma xanthorrhiza Roxb.) and Activity As Antibacterial
Temulawak (Curcuma xanthorrhiza) is one of Indonesia’s native plants belonging to Zingiberaceae family. The plant has been extensively used for treatment of various diseases such as inflammation and digestive tract swelling, gallstones, liver, dyspepsia, and antispasmodic. The rhizome becomes the plant’s part that is used the most. The rhizome contains a compound that could work as an antibacterial. An extract of the rhizome may be obtained through extraction process, some extractions that would be used in this research review is soxhletation, maceration, and ultrasound assisted extraction (UAE). As various extraction methods both involving simple and complex ones were found, it was shown that the result of extract content are therefore varied, which was also affecting the level of resulted antibacterial effectiveness. This article was carried out to analyze the most suitable extraction method of Curcuma’s rhizome that results the highest effectiveness of antibacterial activity. The method used in this article review was a literature review on the literatures published during the period of 2012 to 2022. The highest average yield was shown on maceration method which respectively was followed by soxhletation whereas the lowest yield was resulted by UAE method
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Determination of Total Citronelal Levels and Development of FTIR-Chemometric Classification Model of Cymbopogon winterianus Jowitt Oil from Different Altitudes of Planting Areas
Cymbopogon winterianus Jowitt oil (CWJ oil) is a vegetable oil with very wide uses in food sector, cosmetics, medicines and chemical industry. Citronelal compound is one of the quality requirements that determine the quality of CWJ oil. This study aims to develop a chemometric-FTIR classification model and to determine the total citronellal content of Cymbopogon winterianus Jowitt oil grown in low and medium lands. The sample used was citronella oil from Jember and Banyuwangi regions. The cleaned CWJ herbal samples were withered, chopped and distilled to produce CWJ oil. CWJ oil was scanned using FTIR spectroscopy and then the FTIR spectras were analyzed using LDA, SVM and SIMCA to form a CWJ oil classification model. The selected classification model was then validated using leave one out cross validation and external validation. The LDA classification model showed the best results with 100% accuracy of model recognition and validation. The results of the determination of total citronellal levels of CWJ oil using the hydroxylamine method showed that samples of CWJ oil from Banyuwangi had higher levels of total citronellal than samples from Jember. The average levels of total citronellal CWJ oil from Banyuwangi and Jember regions were 32.84%, and 26.06%, respectively.
Uji Ekstrak Alkohol Daun Mengkudu (Morinda Citrifolia L) terhadap Konsentrasi Kreatinin dan Ureum Tikus Putih Jantan (Rattus Norvegicus) Nefropati Diabetes
Diabetic nephropathy is one of the microvascular complications of diabetes mellitus (DM). One of the clinical signs of diabetic nephropathy is an increase in urea and creatinine levels. The use of medicinal plants containing antioxidants is one of the therapeutic strategies to prevent complications of DM. The noni plant (Morinda citrifolia L), especially the leaves, contains active substances that have the potential as antioxidants to be used as supportive therapy for DM. This study aims to identify the content of active substances in noni leaf extract and determine the potential of noni leaf extract to reduce creatinine, and urea levels in diabetic nephropathy rats. Noni leaf extract was obtained by maceration using 96% ethanol, and animal models of diabetic nephropathy were obtained by induction of streptozotocin 40 mg/kg BW. The test animals were divided into six groups, namely normal control, negative control, positive control, treatment 1, 2, and 3, each given extract doses of 250, 500, and 750 mg/kg BW. The results indicated the presence of flavonoids, alkaloids, steroids, saponins, and tannins in the noni leaf extract. Giving noni leaf extract can reduce, urea and creatinine levels significantly compared to negative controls. In conclusion, noni leaf extract can potentially prevent complications of diabetic nephropathy with an effective dose of 250 mg/kg BW.
Ethno-Pharmaceutical Study of Medicinal Plants for Care and Treatment of Wounds in Indonesia: Systematic Data Search and Preclinical Review
Ethnopharmacy study is an approach used to explore local knowledge of a particular community in the use of medicinal plants. This article discusses treatment methods and medicinal plants used for the treatment and care of wounds in several regions in Indonesia. In addition, this study is also useful to find out drugs from natural ingredients related to their bioactivity. The method used is literature study, while the data used are articles, databases and textbooks published from 2011-2021. Literature information searches are carried out using electronic search engines for articles and research journals published on several sites, such as Google, Pubmed, NCBI, Elsevier, and others. The results of the data obtained concluded that there were 27 types of plant species that were used traditionally and 15 who have already undergone preclinical testing for wound treatment and care.