Journal Title : Jurnal Jamu Indonesia (JJI) or Indonesian Journal of Jamu Abbreviation : JJI Scope : Herbal Medicine Type of manuscript : Research papers, short communications and review articles Frequency : Starting in 2026 JJI is published six times a year (February, April, June, August, October, and December) DOI : 10.29244/v10i1 Print ISSN : 2407-7178 Online ISSN : 2407-7763 Publisher : TropBRC IPB University Language : Starting from Volume 11 in 2026, all manuscripts must be written in English. Authors may submit in Bahasa Indonesian; however, if accepted, the manuscript will be subject to a translation fee handled by the JJI language editorial team. Indexing : Sinta 2, Google Scholar Open Access Policy : CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 Preservation Archiving : PKP PN Jurnal Jamu Indonesia (JJI) or Indonesian Journal of Jamu is dedicated to the exchange of information and widespread scientific understanding regarding the development of the world of herbal medicine through the publication of scientific papers. The themes of scientific papers within the scope of JJI include the theme of herbal medicine research from upstream to downstream which is not limited to ethnobotanical research and local knowledge, exploration, conservation, domestication of biological resources related to herbal medicine, variety breeding, development of Good Agricultural and Collection Practices (GACP) for herbal medicine raw materials, development of standards for raw materials and herbal medicine products, development of herbal medicine products, identification of active compounds and their synthesis, working mechanisms for the bioactivity of herbal medicine formulas, social and economic aspects related to the development of herbal medicine.
Tropical Biopharmaca Research Center, IPB University
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Molecular Docking and ADMET Analysis of Bioactive Compounds from Vitex trifolia as Potential COX-2 Anti-Inflammatory Agents
Legundi (Vitex trifolia) has been reported to exhibit anti-inflammatory activity; however, the specific bioactive compounds responsible for this effect remain unclear. This study aimed to evaluate the anti-inflammatory potential of bioactive compounds from V. trifolia against cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2; PDB ID: 5KIR) using an in silico molecular docking approach, along with the analysis of their pharmacokinetic and toxicity profiles. The results showed that persicogenin exhibited the lowest binding affinity of −9.2 kcal/mol and formed hydrogen bonds with key amino acid residues, namely THR 212, HIS 207, and TYR 385. ADMET prediction results indicated that persicogenin met the drug-likeness criteria for an oral drug candidate, demonstrated good intestinal absorption (HIA: 92.29%), high membrane permeability (Caco-2 permeability > 0.9), low volume of distribution (VDss < 0.45), inhibitory activity against CYP2C19 and CYP3A4, and no hepatotoxic potential. These findings suggest that persicogenin may serve as an anti-inflammatory agent.
Production and Phytochemical Variation of Kaempferia rotunda Rhizomes in Relation to Soil Nutrient Conditions on Madura Island
Kaempferia rotunda L. is a traditional medicinal plant in Madura. This study aimed to evaluate the production and phytochemical variation of K. rotunda rhizomes from Madura Island and to determine the soil chemical factors associated with these traits. Plant materials and soil samples were collected from ex situ cultivation areas in Bangkalan, Sampang, Pamekasan, and Sumenep. Rhizome production, simplicia yield, extract yield, total phenolics, total tannins, total steroids, and soil nutrient contents were analyzed. The results showed substantial variation among accessions in both production and phytochemical contents. Primary rhizome weight was positively correlated with the number of secondary rhizomes, whereas secondary rhizome simplicia yield was positively correlated with total rhizome simplicia yield. Soil nutrients showed low-to-moderate correlations with production traits but strong correlations with phytochemical contents. Suitable accession selection combined with balanced macro- and micronutrient availability may improve rhizome yield and quality.
Formulation and Antibacterial Evaluation of Ethanolic Garlic Peel Emulgel Against Staphylococcus aureus and Propionibacterium acnes
Garlic peel (Allium sativum L.) is a household waste that contains bioactive compounds with potential antibacterial activity. This study aimed to formulate an emulgel containing ethanolic garlic peel extract and evaluate its physical characteristics and antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Propionibacterium acnes. The emulgel was evaluated for organoleptic properties, homogeneity, pH, and viscosity. Antibacterial activity was tested using the agar diffusion method. The formulation showed acceptable physical characteristics for topical use. The emulgel inhibited the growth of both bacteria, with inhibition zones of 12.16 mm against S. aureus and 11.02 mm against P. acnes. The antibacterial activity may be related to the presence of flavonoids, saponins, phenolic compounds, and allicin in garlic peel extract. These results suggest that garlic peel extract can be formulated into an emulgel with potential antibacterial activity.
In Vitro and In Silico Evaluation of Pancreatic Lipase Inhibition by Avicennia marina and Bruguiera gymnorrhiza Fruit Flour Extracts
Indonesia is rich in mangrove species, including Avicennia marina (brayo) and Bruguiera gymnorrhiza (lindur), whose fruits contain bioactive metabolites with potential anti-obesity activity. This study evaluated pancreatic lipase inhibition by brayo and lindur fruit flour extracts (raw and boiled) using in vitro and in silico approaches. Extracts were prepared by remaceration with 70% ethanol. Lipase inhibition was measured using a multimode microplate reader, while metabolites were identified by LC-HRMS and evaluated by molecular docking. Raw brayo showed the highest inhibition (84.29 ± 4.24%), followed by boiled brayo (83.01 ± 4.59%), raw lindur (75.24 ± 3.02%), and boiled lindur (73.88 ± 4.00%). Docking indicated strong binding of luteolin (−8.23 kcal/mol), 9-oxo-10(E),12(E)-octadecadienoic acid (−6.75 kcal/mol), and methyl eleostearate (−6.59 kcal/mol) to pancreatic lipase. These findings support mangrove fruit flour as a natural source of lipase inhibitors for obesity management.
Formulation and Evaluation Stick Moisturizing Combination of Aloe Vera Extract (Aloe barbadensis mill) and Chamomile (Matricaria recutita)
Aloe vera (Aloe barbadensis mill) and chamomile (Matricaria recutita) contain active compounds in the form of aloin and apigenin, which function as moisturizers with soothing and antioxidant effects that can neutralize free radicals that cause oxidative stress on the skin. This study aims to determine the optimal formula for a moisturizing stick that combines Aloe vera and chamomile extracts, based on physical properties, effectiveness as a moisturizer, and antioxidant activity. The dry extract was obtained by percolation with 96% ethanol and dried using a spray dryer. The dry extract will be standardized for specific and non-specific tests. The optimum moisturizing stick formula was obtained using the factorial design method. The factors used were aloe vera extract with a concentration of (-1) 10% and a concentration of (+1) 20%, as well as chamomile extract with a concentration of (-1) 5% and a concentration of (+1) 15%. Determination of the optimum formula was carried out using a factorial design method using the following responses: hardness, spreadability, moisture [AUC], and antioxidant activity (IC50). The moisturizing stick formulation uses a hot melt extrusion method. The data from the parametric experiments between batches and formulas will be analyzed using the One-Way Anova (Yate's Treatment). The results showed that increasing aloe vera extract increased the spreadability and moisture, while increasing chamomile extract increased the antioxidant activity. The interaction between the extracts had a significant effect on all parameters. The optimum formula was obtained at a concentration of 18.711% aloe vera and 8.167% chamomile, which met the quality and effectiveness criteria.
Formulation of Antioxidant Cream from Mung Bean (Vigna radiata L.) Seed Coat Extract
The skin is the body’s primary barrier against free radicals, which can induce oxidative stress and premature ageing. Antioxidants neutralize these radicals. This study aims to formulate and evaluate a cream containing ethanol extract of mung bean (Vigna radiata L.) seed coat. Four formulations were prepared with extract concentrations of 10%, 15%, 20%, and 25%. Physical evaluations included organoleptic tests, homogeneity, pH, viscosity, cream type, spreadability, and adhesiveness. Antioxidant activity was measured using the DPPH method. All formulations met physical standards, and formula F4 (25%) showed the highest antioxidant activity with an IC₅₀ value of 79.49 ppm. These findings indicate the potential of mung bean seed coat extract as an active antioxidant agent in topical preparations.
LC-MS/MS Profiling and Anti-inflammatory Activity of Red Onion (Allium cepa L. var. Bima Brebes) Extract-Based Liniment in Mus musculus
Allium cepa L. (Bima Brebes variety) is a prolific source of quercetin-type flavonols and organosulfur compounds, recognized for their potent anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities. Topical herbal liniments offer a practical approach to manage localized inflammation while minimizing systemic exposure. This study aimed to evaluate the anti-inflammatory activity of a topical liniment formulated with a 70% ethanolic extract of A. cepa. LC–MS/MS (UHPLC Vanquish Tandem Q) had identified ten secondary metabolites putatively linked to anti-inflammatory effects. Anti-inflammatory efficacy was evaluated in vivo using a carrageenan-induced paw oedema model in male mice. Oedema inhibition was recorded at 18% in the negative control, 47% in the positive control, and 38%, 42%, and 44% for the 2 g, 3 g, and 5 g formulations, respectively. One-way ANOVA revealed significant differences among groups (p = 0.001). These findings suggested that A. cepa-based liniment formulations may serve as promising candidates as natural topical anti-inflammatory agents.
Phytochemical Profile, Antioxidant Activity, and Hematological and Liver–Kidney Serum Markers of Lampung Green Robusta Coffee Extract in Lead-Induced Mice
Lampung Province is one of Indonesia’s major robusta coffee–producing regions, and green coffee beans contain bioactive compounds with potential biological benefits. This study analyzed the phytochemical composition and antioxidant activity of ethanolic extract of Lampung green robusta coffee beans and evaluated its effects on hematological parameters and liver–kidney serum markers in lead acetate–induced mice. Phytochemical screening revealed alkaloids, flavonoids, phenolics, saponins, tannins, and terpenoids. Quantitative analysis showed total phenolics of 122.76 mg GAE/g extract, flavonoids of 12.23 mg QE/g extract, tannins of 208.86 mg TAE/g extract, and saponins of 1.32%. The extract exhibited very strong antioxidant activity (IC₅₀ = 21.99 ppm). Lead acetate exposure (20 mg/kg BW for 14 days) decreased erythrocyte counts and increased leukocyte and urea levels. Administration of the extract (400 mg/kg BW) improved erythrocyte counts, modulated leukocyte levels, and reduced urea concentrations.
Development and Evaluation of Topical Gel Containing Rosa spp. Extract for Anti-Acne and Anti-Aging Properties
The present study aimed to develop and evaluate a topical gel containing ethanolic red rose flower extract as a potential natural anti-acne and anti-aging preparation. The extract was screened for phytochemicals, and the gel was formulated with varying concentrations of Carbopol 940 (0.25-1.25%). The gels were characterized for their organoleptic properties, pH, viscosity, spreadability, and in vitro antibacterial activity against Cutibacterium acnes. Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, quinones, tannins, saponins, triterpenoids, and anthocyanins in the extract. Organoleptic evaluation showed that Formulas 2 (0.5% Carbopol) and 3 (0.75% Carbopol) had the most suitable characteristics for a cosmetic gel, with moderate viscosity, non-greasiness, rapid absorption, and user comfort. Viscosity testing confirmed pseudoplastic flow behavior, with Formulas 2 and 3 exhibiting an optimal balance between physical stability and ease of application. Spreadability and adhesiveness tests further supported the suitability of these formulas. The pH of all formulas ranged from 7.02 to 7.08, requiring further optimization to match the skin's physiological pH. Antibacterial testing revealed that all gel formulas containing 1% extract showed strong inhibition against C. acnes (inhibition zones of 15.0 ± 1.2–1.3 mm), attributed to the presence of flavonoids, tannins, and other bioactive compounds. The results suggest that the red rose flower extract gel, particularly Formulas 2 and 3, has promising potential as a natural anti-acne and anti-aging preparation, offering a balance of physical stability, user comfort, and antibacterial activity.
Therapeutic Effects of Morus alba Leaf Extract on Fasting Blood Glucose and Pancreatic β-Cell Restoration in HFD–STZ-Induced Diabetic Rats
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is characterized by chronic hyperglycemia caused by insulin resistance and pancreatic β-cell dysfunction. Morus alba leaves contain bioactive compounds with potential antidiabetic activity. This study evaluated the hypoglycemic and β-cell protective effects of ethanolic M. alba leaf extract (EMA) in diabetic rats. The extract was obtained through maceration, yielding 12.14%. Wistar rats were divided into normal control, negative control, positive control, EMA100 (100 mg/kg BW), and EMA200 (200 mg/kg BW). Diabetes was induced using a high-fat diet, 2% sucrose solution, and low-dose streptozotocin. Fasting blood glucose (FBG) and pancreatic histopathology were analyzed. EMA significantly reduced FBG and improved pancreatic β-cell morphology, particularly at 200 mg/kg BW. These findings suggest that EMA has potential as a therapeutic candidate for T2DM by improving glycemic control and preserving pancreatic β-cell integrity.
Gastroprotective Effect of the Aqueous Fraction of Tamarindus indica L. Leaves Against Aspirin-Induced Gastric Injury in Mice
Tamarindus indica L. leaves contain bioactive compounds, particularly tannins and saponins, which may contribute to gastric mucosal protection. This study aimed to evaluate the gastroprotective effect of the aqueous fraction of T. indica leaves in aspirin-induced gastric injury in mice. Twelve mice were randomly divided into four groups (n = 3): normal control, negative control, and two treatment groups receiving the aqueous fraction at doses of 6 mg/30 g and 12 mg/30 g body weight prior to aspirin induction. Gastroprotective activity was assessed through macroscopic observation and histopathological examination of gastric tissues. Aspirin administration caused gastric mucosal injury characterized by erosion, ulceration, and hemorrhage. Treatment with the aqueous fraction reduced gastric damage and improved epithelial integrity. The dose of 12 mg/30 g body weight showed the most pronounced protective effect. These findings suggest that the aqueous fraction of T. indica leaves has potential gastroprotective activity.
Jamoetics: A Web-Based Information System for Indonesian Herbal Database
This study aimed to develop a web-based information system for herbal plants in Indonesia. This research began with data collection, prototype making, and evaluation. This research was conducted by combining a literature review, simulation, and survey. Literature reviews were used to gather scientific information about various herbal medicines. The website was hosted on a platform-as-a-service cloud service. The web is accessible at https://www.jamoetics.com. All data from the questionnaire were analyzed using descriptive statistics. The data on this website were obtained from various sources grouped into monographs, public databases, and scientific journals. The “Jamoetics” system evaluation survey showed that 98.25% of respondents felt confident and interested in using the “Jamoetics” website because of its ease of access to information, completeness of information, and user-friendly interface. Jamoetics, a web-based information system, can help communities easily access information about herbal plants in Indonesia.
Optimization of Black Orchid (Coelogyne pandurata Lindl.) Extraction Using Simplex-Centroid Design for Total Phenolics, Flavonoids, and Antioxidants
Coelogyne pandurata Lindl., a black orchid endemic to Kalimantan, contains valuable antioxidant compounds. This study optimized its extraction using a Simplex-Centroid Mixture Design with ethanol, methanol, and acetic acid as solvents. Responses evaluated were total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), and antioxidant capacity (DPPH). The highest TPC was obtained with 100% ethanol (2.52 mg GAE/g), TFC with equal parts of all solvents (6.41 mg QE/g), and antioxidant activity with 100% methanol (10.33 µmol TE/g). Ethanol yielded the optimal extraction condition, with verification values of 2.27 mg GAE/g (TPC), 3.42 mg QE/g (TFC), and 10.22 µmol TE/g (DPPH), and a desirability of 0.739. Although regression models were not statistically significant (p > 0.05), the results provide preliminary insights into solvent efficiency for extracting bioactive compounds. Further studies with expanded experimental designs and validation are required to enhance model accuracy and extraction reliability.
Comparative Analysis of Total Flavonoid Content and Antioxidant Activity in Medicinal Plant Leaf Extracts Using Ethanol and Citric Acid
Flavonoids are bioactive compounds with antioxidant activity, and their extraction efficiency is strongly influenced by solvent selection. This study compared total flavonoid content and antioxidant activity of leaf extracts from Persea americana, Annona muricata, Piper betle, and Pandanus amaryllifolius obtained using ethanol and citric acid. Total flavonoid content was determined using the AlCl₃ spectrophotometric method with quercetin as the reference standard, while antioxidant activity was evaluated by the DPPH assay. Ethanol generally yielded higher flavonoid levels, with the highest content observed in P. americana leaves (3.87 mg QE/g), whereas citric acid extracts exhibited stronger antioxidant activity, reaching 94.21% DPPH inhibition in P. betle leaves. No significant correlation was observed between total flavonoid content and antioxidant activity. Overall, these results indicated that solvent selection critically determines extraction outcomes, and citric acid represents a viable green alternative for antioxidant-oriented applications.
Molecular Docking of Active Compound of Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L.) on α-Glucosidase as Antidibetic Mellitus Drug Candidate
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a leading cause of death among degenerative diseases, primarily due to impaired insulin function that disrupts carbohydrate metabolism. One therapeutic strategy involves α-glucosidase inhibitors that delay glucose absorption. Abelmoschus esculentus (okra) is rich in phenolic and flavonoid compounds with antihyperglycemic and antioxidant activity, suggesting potential as α-glucosidase inhibitors. This study evaluated the inhibitory potential of okra-derived compounds against α-glucosidase using in silico molecular docking with PLANTS and YASARA Structure. The analysis included physicochemical screening, ligand–receptor preparation, and docking simulations, assessing docking score, Gibbs free energy (ΔG), and dissociation constant (Kd). Cannabiscitrin, a flavonoid from okra, demonstrated the strongest binding affinity, outperforming the reference drug acarbose in all parameters. These findings suggest its potential as an alternative antidiabetic agent.
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Evaluation of the Antibacterial Activity of Muntingia calabura L. Leaf Extract in Anti-Acne Serum and Gel Moisturizer Formulations
The cherry tree (Muntingia calabura L.) is known to contain bioactive compounds such as flavonoids, tannins, and saponins, which exhibit potential as natural antibacterial agents against acne-causing bacteria. This study aimed to evaluate and compare the antibacterial efficacy of serum and moisturizer gel formulations containing ethanol extract of M. calabura leaves against Propionibacterium acnes. Serum was selected due to its high concentration of active ingredients and superior skin penetration, while the gel moisturizer provides a light, non-greasy texture that is comfortable and easily absorbed. The results demonstrated that the serum formulation containing 18% extract (F3) exhibited the highest antibacterial activity against P. acnes, with a strong inhibition zone. Similarly, the gel formulation with 6% extract (F3) also showed a strong inhibitory effect. These findings highlight the potential of M. calabura leaf extract as an effective natural agent for the development of topical anti-acne skincare products.
Cytotoxic Effect of Brazilin on DU145 Prostate Cancer Cells Using the WST-8 Assay
Prostate cancer is characterized by abnormal growth of prostate gland cells due to uncontrolled cellular proliferation. Brazilin, a homoisoflavonoid compound derived from Caesalpinia sappan L., is known for its anticancer activity. This study aimed to evaluate the cytotoxic effect of brazilin on DU145 prostate cancer cells through an in vitro assay employing the WST-8 method. The results showed that both brazilin and cisplatin significantly reduced the cancer cell survival rate compared to the negative control group (p < 0.05). Although no significant difference was observed between the two compounds at the highest concentration (ns), their IC₅₀ values differed significantly (p < 0.05), recorded at 18.92 ppm for brazilin and 0.03569 ppm for cisplatin; both were classified as highly active. These findings suggest that brazilin possesses cytotoxic potential comparable to cisplatin at elevated concentrations and may be developed further as a naturally derived anticancer agent.
Optimizing Ultrasonic Extraction of Enhalus acoroides to Enhance Physicochemical Traits and Antioxidant Activity
Enhalus acoroides is a seagrass species known for its antioxidant potential due to its flavonoid content, including quercetin. This study aimed to optimize the extraction time using the ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) method based on physicochemical parameters and antioxidant activity. The simplicia was extracted for 20, 30, and 40 minutes, each in triplicate, using 96% ethanol acidified with 1% HCl. The results demonstrated that extraction time significantly influenced the physicochemical properties, including yield (highest at 30 minutes: 40.2%), total phenolic content (1.153 mg GAE/g), total flavonoid content (0.318 mg QE/g), quercetin content (0.316 mg/g), and antioxidant activity (IC₅₀ = 58.44 ppm), whereas no significant effect was observed on total ash content. Qualitative phytochemical screening revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, and triterpenoids. Based on these findings, a 30-minute extraction time is recommended as the optimal condition for obtaining E. acoroides extract with the highest antioxidant activity.
Specific and Non-Specific Safety Testing of Red Gedi Leaf Ethanol Extract (Abelmoschus manihot L. Medik)
Red gedi leaves (Abelmoschus manihot (L.) Medik) are traditionally used for their antidiabetic, antioxidant, and hepatoprotective properties. This study aimed to characterize the specific and non-specific quality parameters of red gedi leaf ethanol extract based on Herbal Pharmacopoeia standards. Extraction was performed by maceration using 96% ethanol, yielding 6.72%. Phytochemical screening confirmed the presence of flavonoids, saponins, tannins, quinones, and steroids, with a high total flavonoid content of 56.97 ± 3.75 mg/g. Non-specific parameters, including water content, drying loss, ash values, microbial contamination, and heavy metal levels (Pb and Cd), complied with the required standards. Organoleptic evaluation showed a viscous extract with brownish color, slightly astringent taste, and characteristic odor. These results indicate that red gedi leaf ethanol extract meets Herbal Pharmacopoeia quality requirements and has potential for development as a standardized antioxidant herbal product.
Phytochemical Screening and Antibacterial Activity of Jackfruit Seed Extract (Artocarpus heterophyllus Lamk.) Against Salmonella typhi In Vitro
Salmonella typhi infection remains a public health concern, necessitating natural treatment alternatives. This study aimed to evaluate the antibacterial activity and identify the active compounds of jackfruit seed (Artocarpus heterophyllus Lamk) ethanol extract against S. typhi in vitro. Antibacterial activity was tested using the well diffusion method at extract concentrations of 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100%, with chloramphenicol and 10% DMSO as positive and negative controls. All extract concentrations produced significant inhibition zones (mean: 19.83 mm to 31.42 mm; p<0.05). Phytochemical screening revealed flavonoids, alkaloids, steroids, and saponins as the active compounds. Antibacterial efficacy increased with concentration and was comparable to chloramphenicol (mean: 33.49 mm). These results indicate that jackfruit seed extract holds promise as a natural antibacterial agent against S. typhi.
Metabolite Profiling and Bioactivity Assessment of Antioxidant and Antibacterial Properties in Bulb Fractions of Eleutherine bulbosa (Mill.) Urb
Eleutherine bulbosa is known to contain diverse secondary metabolites with pharmacological potential. This study aimed to identify the bioactive compounds in the ethanol, n-hexane, and unsaponified n-hexane fractions of E. bulbosa bulbs and evaluate their antioxidant and antibacterial activities. The bulbs were extracted using ethanol, followed by n-hexane fractionation and saponification. Antioxidant activity was determined using the DPPH assay, and antibacterial activity was assessed against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli using the disc diffusion method. LC-MS/MS and GC-MS analyses identified compounds such as eleutherol, resveratrol, coniferaldehyde, and stigmasterol. The ethanol fraction exhibited the highest antioxidant activity (IC₅₀ = 47.54 ± 0.03 mg/L), while the unsaponified n-hexane fraction showed the strongest antibacterial effect (inhibition zone = 16.12 ± 0.16 mm). These findings confirm the potential of E. bulbosaas a natural source of antioxidant and antibacterial agents.
In Silico Evaluation of Flavonoids from Imperata cylindrica as Potential Antidiabetic Agents
Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder characterized by impaired insulin secretion and disrupted blood-glucose homeostasis. Novel therapies targeting the incretin system, such as dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP-4) inhibitors, enhance insulin secretion, protect β-pancreatic cells, and restore glucose balance. Imperata cylindrica (reeds) has shown antidiabetic effects, including improved insulin release and reduced blood glucose, but its molecular mechanism remains unclear. This study investigated flavonoid compounds from I. cylindrica as potential DPP-4 inhibitors using molecular docking. The target protein (PDB: 6B1E) and drug-like flavonoids were evaluated via PyRx and visualized with Discovery Studio 2021. The results indicate that tricin binds strongly to DPP-4 (−8.4 kcal/mol) and forms stable interactions with residues ILEB102, ILEB76, and ILEB529. These findings suggest that tricin from I. cylindrica may inhibit DPP-4 and serve as a potential antidiabetic agent in silico.
Optimizing Curcumin SNEDDS via D-Optimal Design and Evaluating Wound Healing Efficacy in Wistar Rats
Curcumin, a bioactive compound extracted from turmeric, exhibits extensive pharmacological properties, including anti-inflammatory and wound-healing activities. Nevertheless, its clinical application is hindered by low aqueous solubility and poor bioavailability. This study aimed to optimize a curcumin-loaded Self-Nanoemulsifying Drug Delivery System (SNEDDS) using a D-Optimal experimental design to improve its solubility, stability, and therapeutic efficacy. The SNEDDS formulation was developed by varying the proportions of oil, surfactant, and co-surfactant. The optimized formulation demonstrated a particle size of 120 nm and an encapsulation efficiency of 94.5%, significantly accelerating wound closure by 98% within 14 days in Wistar rats. These results highlight the potential of curcumin SNEDDS as an effective topical formulation for wound therapy.
Ethnopharmacological Study of Medicinal Plants Used by the Dayak Tunjung Benuaq Tribe in East Kalimantan, Indonesia
Ethnopharmacology is a scientific approach used to document traditional knowledge regarding the use of medicinal plants. The Dayak Tunjung Benuaq Tribe in Putak Village, East Kalimantan, Indonesia, continues to rely on herbal remedies for treating various ailments. This study aimed to identify plant species used, their therapeutic applications, and preparation methods. Data were collected through purposive and snowball sampling techniques, using semi-structured interviews with knowledgeable informants. Quantitative analysis was performed using Use Value (UV), Informant Consensus Factor (ICF), and Fidelity Level (FL). A total of 31 species from 19 families were recorded, including Carica papaya, Zingiber officinale, Psidium guajava, and Eleutherine bulbosa. Leaves were the most commonly used plant part (58%), most often prepared by boiling (93.6%) and administered orally (93.6%). C. papaya had the highest UV (0.23), while seven disease categories, such as malaria, fever, and joint pain, achieved perfect consensus (ICF = 1.0). Several species, including E. bulbosa and Syzygium polyathum, reached 100% FL, reflecting strong cultural preference for specific treatments. These findings emphasize the significance of traditional knowledge within the community, the need for documentation and preservation, and the potential of these plants for future pharmacological exploration and biodiversity conservation.
In Silico Exploration of Orthosiphon stamineus Compounds as Potential Angiotensin Receptor Blockers for Hypertension Therapy
Orthosiphon stamineus has demonstrated antihypertensive potential, but the specific bioactive compounds involved remain unclear. This study aimed to evaluate selected phytochemicals from O. stamineus as angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) targeting protein 4ZUD using in-silico methods. Molecular docking was conducted to assess binding affinity, while ADMET analysis evaluated pharmacokinetics and toxicity. Salvianolic acid E showed the strongest binding affinity with a rerank score of −134.02 kcal/mol, surpassing olmesartan (−124.52 kcal/mol). Key interactions were observed with amino acid residues Arg167, Tyr92, and Asp281. ADMET predictions revealed that Salvianolic acid E has good aqueous solubility, moderate intestinal absorption (HIA 45.99%), and low membrane permeability (Caco-2 < 0.4). It does not inhibit major cytochrome P450 isoenzymes and is predicted to be non-hepatotoxic, suggesting favorable safety and metabolic profiles. These findings highlight Salvianolic acid E as a promising phytochemical candidate for antihypertensive drug development.
Cardioprotective Effects of Red Ginger Extracted Using Natural Deep Eutectic Solvent on Lipid Profile in Atherosclerotic Rats
Atherosclerosis, a leading cause of cardiovascular disease, is closely related to dyslipidemia. This study evaluated the cardioprotective effects of red ginger (Zingiber officinale var. rubrum) extracted using a Natural Deep Eutectic Solvent (NADES) on lipid profiles and the risk of atherosclerosis in rats induced with an atherogenic diet and lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Thirty male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into five groups: normal control, negative control, positive control (Simvastatin), and two treatment groups receiving red ginger extract at 25 mg/kg and 50 mg/kg body weight (BW). After 24 days of treatment, the 25 mg/kg BW dose significantly reduced total and LDL cholesterol while increasing HDL levels compared with the negative control (p < 0.05), showing comparable effects to Simvastatin. The 50 mg/kg BW dose did not significantly reduce total and LDL cholesterol but produced the highest HDL level. All treatment groups showed a significantly lower Atherogenic Index of Plasma (AIP) than the negative control, with the lowest AIP in the 50 mg/kg BW group. These findings demonstrate the cardioprotective potential of red ginger extracted with NADES as a natural, environmentally friendly approach to preventing dyslipidemia and atherosclerosis.
Optimization of Solvent Type on Antioxidant Activity of Spirulina platensis Extract and Its Pharmaceutical Tablet Formulation
Spirulina platensis contains nutrients such as proteins, essential amino acids, fatty acids, minerals, pigments, carotenoids, and vitamins, which have strong antioxidant properties. This study evaluated the impact of extraction solvents (70% methanol, 70% ethanol, and 70% acetone) on antioxidant activity, with the most effective extract formulated into tablets. Extraction was performed by maceration. Tablet preparations were characterized by moisture content, flow rate, angle of repose, organoleptic properties, weight uniformity, hardness, disintegration time, and friability. The results showed that the 70% methanol extract exhibited the highest antioxidant activity (IC₅₀ = 45.57 ± 0.01 ppm), superior to 70% acetone (IC₅₀ = 67.15 ± 0.07 ppm) and 70% ethanol (IC₅₀ = 85.32 ± 1.21 ppm), although lower than vitamin C (IC₅₀ = 3.52 ± 0.01 ppm). Tablets prepared from 70% methanol extract fulfilled all pharmaceutical quality requirements.